The Use of Nautical Activities in Formal Education: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: The implementation of nautical sports, particularly in coastal areas, during the school stage is a growing phenomenon. It offers unique opportunities for students to develop the necessary competencies outlined in their physical education curriculum in an immersive manner, within a natural and inherently motivating environment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study aims to delve deeper into this subject by conducting a systematic review of the utilization of water sports in formal education. To carry out this bibliographic search, the following keywords were employed: "Nautical Activities", "Nautical Sports", "Nautical Camps", "Formal Education", "Children Education", "Primary School", and "Secondary School". The Boolean operator "and" was used to combine these keywords during the search conducted in databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus. The PRISMA Protocol was utilized for the search process, resulting in the selection and categorization of eight papers into the following thematic areas: Wellbeing, Physical and Mental Health, Education, and Management. RESULTS: The primary findings of this review indicate that the inclusion of these programs within physical education classes enhances overall physical health, mental well-being, and personal development. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate a positive impact on peer interaction and short-term improvement in self-confidence.

Students' Motivational and Emotional Experiences in Physical Education across Profiles of Extracurricular Physical Activity: The Influence in the Intention to Be Active.

This study examined the relationship between extracurricular physical activity (PA) levels and students' motivational and emotional experience during physical education (PE) classes and how this psychological experience can predict the intention to be physically active. The sample consisted of 811 Spanish secondary education students (371 boys and 440 girls) aged between 11 and 17 years (M = 13.15, SD = 1.16). Students completed questionnaires about their PA levels, their intention to be physically active, and their motivational and emotional experience during PE classes. A cluster analysis was used to classify the students according to their level of extracurricular PA. Based on a regression analysis, the variables enjoyment, pride, hopelessness, competence, satisfaction, and autonomous motivation played the highest role, predicting the intention to be physically active in the future. Statistical differences were found among the different PA profiles in these variables during the PE classes (MANCOVA). In conclusion, hours of PA outside school have a high relationship with the students' emotional and motivational experience in their PE classes, which is related with the intention to practise PA in the future. A series of strategies have been proposed at both the institutional level and the teacher level to improve the PE psychological experience of those students who practise less extracurricular PA.

Jealousy, Violence, and Sexual Ambivalence in Adolescent Students According to Emotional Dependency in the Couple Relationship.

BACKGROUND: Emotional dependency in couples involves excessive and dysfunctional emotional bonding. AIMS: This work aimed to determine the relationship between violence, jealousy, and ambivalent sexism according to emotional dependence in adolescent student couples. METHODS: A cross-sectional study. A total of 234 Spanish adolescents (69.7% female, Mage = 16.77, SD = 1.11) participated in the study. Participants completed an ad hoc interview and several validated tests (Partner's Emotional Dependency Scale, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, the Jealousy subscale of the Love Addiction Scale, the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationship Inventory). RESULTS: Of the sample, 40.6% indicated high emotional dependence and 14.5% extreme emotional dependence. Differences were observed according to gender (t = 3.92, p < 0.001), with adolescent boys scoring higher than adolescent girls. Extremely emotionally dependent participants showed differences in both violence (sexual, relational, verbal, and physical) and ambivalent sexism (hostile, benevolent) and jealousy scores. Generating a predictive model of emotional dependence, with the variable jealousy and ambivalent sexism as predictor variables, it was found that jealousy has the greatest predictive and major explanatory capacity (R2 = 0.297); with an R2 = 0.334. However, the contribution of the ASI-Hostile subscale was not significant when the ASI-Benevolent subscale was introduced into the model. Further, in a second model where the scores on jealousy and the couple conflict inventory's subscales were considered as predictors, are again jealousy makes the greatest predictive contribution and shows the greatest explanatory capacity (R2 = 0.296). It was found that the contribution is significant only for the predictive capacity of Sexual Violence and Relational Violence. In this sense, the educational context is one of the propitious places to detect and correct behaviors that may be indicative of potentially unbalanced and unbalancing relationships for adolescents.

Síndrome de burnout y resiliencia en árbitros de fútbol y baloncesto / Burnout syndrome and resilience in soccer and basketball referees / Síndrome de burnout e resiliência em árbitros de futebol e basquetebol

Se analiza el síndrome de burnout en árbitros de fútbol vs. de baloncesto y la relación que las puntuaciones en resiliencia pueden mostrar con dicho síndrome. En la muestra han participado 265 árbitros, de fútbol el 41.9% y de baloncesto el 58.1%. Se ha evaluado mediante el Inventario de Burnout en Deportistas-Reducido (IBD-R) y la Resilience Scale (RS). Los árbitros de fútbol, frente a los de baloncesto, muestran un mayor agotamiento emocional (p = .002), despersonalización (p = .024) y realización personal (p < .001). Quienes obtienen puntuaciones altas en resiliencia (29.8%) (> 147 puntos en RS), frente a quienes obtienen baja resiliencia (70.2%), muestran un menor agotamiento emocional (p = .007) y realización personal (p < .001); pero no muestran diferencias en despersonalización (p = .561). Los árbitros de fútbol presentan un mayor riesgo de obtener puntuaciones que indican baja resiliencia [OR = 2.83] frente a los árbitros de baloncesto (p < .001, 95%IC. [1.58-5.06]). Se muestra que es la Competencia Personal la que produce un mayor incremento explicativo (ΔR2 = .207) y de la capacidad predictiva (β = .539) sobre la Realización Personal

Burnout syndrome is analyzed in soccer and basketball referees, along with the relationship between resilience scores and this syndrome. The sample was composed of 265 referees (41.9% were soccer referees and 58.1% basketball). Evaluations were conducted using the Burnout in Sport Revised Questionnaire (IBD-R) and the Resilience Scale (RS). The soccer referees, when compared with those of basketball, showed greater emotional exhaustion (p = .002), depersonalization (p= .024) and personal fulfillment (p < .001). Lose who obtained high scores on resilience (29.8%) (> 147 points in RS) incomparison with those who obtained low resilience scores (70.2%), showed lower emotional exhaustion (p = .007) and reduced personal achievement (p < .001); but there were no differences in depersonalization (p = .561). Soccer referees have a greater risk of obtaining scores that indicate low resilience [OR = 2.83] compared with basketball referees (p < .001; 95% CI. [1.58-5.06]). It was found that Personal Competency produces the greatest explanatory increase (ΔR2 = .207) and predictive capacity (β = .539) for Personal Achievement. In future, it would be interesting to analyze both the contextual variables and the coping strategies used by the participants to determine the differences observed in burnout and resilience

Analisa-se a síndrome de burnout em árbitros de futebol vs. de basquetebol e a relação que as pontuações de resiliencia podem mostrar com tal síndrome. Na amostra participaram 265 árbitros, de futebol 41.9% e de basquetebol 58.1%. Avaliou-se mediante o Inventário de Burnout em Desportistas-Reduzido (IBD-R) e a Resilience Scale (RS). Os árbitros de futebol, face aos de basquetebol, mostram um maior esgotamento emocional (p = .002), despersonalização (p = .024) e realização pessoal (p < .001). Os que obtêm pontuações altas em resiliência (29.8%) (> 147 pontos em RS), face aos que obtêm baixa resiliência (70.2%), mostram um menor esgotamento emocional (p = .007) e reduzida realização pessoal (p< .001); mas não mostram diferenças em termos de despersonalização (p = .561). Os árbitros de futebol apresentam um maior risco de obterem pontuações que indicam baixa resiliência [OR = 2.83] face aos árbitros de basquetebol (p < .001, 95%IC. [1.58-5.06]). Mostra-se que é a Competência Pessoal que produz um maior aumento explicativo (ΔR 2 = .207) e da capacidade preditiva (β = .539) sobre a Realização Pessoal

The influence of pacing strategy on marathon world records.

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of the pacing strategy adopted by elite marathon runners when setting every marathon world record in the last 50 years. We divided former marathon record holders into two groups: classic athletes (record holders between 1967 and 1988) and contemporaneous athletes (record holders between 1988 and 2018). The total distance of the marathon was divided into 8 sections of 5 km and 1 last section of 2.195 km, and the relative average speed of each section was calculated individually. On average athletes were slightly faster in the first half-marathon than in the second one, where they slowed down progressively (ES = 0.28, small effect). However, when comparing classic vs. contemporaneous athletes, we observed that classic athletes started significantly faster (p < .05, ES = 1.16, moderate effect), although after 25 km, their speed dropped dramatically and was significantly slower than in their contemporaneous counterparts (ES = 2.41, very large effect). This study shows that the pacing strategies of the best marathon runners in the world have changed over the last 50 years. Although a negative pace distribution has been proposed as the most efficient option, a pacing strategy characterised by very little speed changes across the whole race may be the way to go in the future.